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- Chapter 1 - Getting Started
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- WHAT IS AN IDENTIFIER?
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- Before you can do anything in any language, you must at
- least know how you name an identifier. An identifier is
- used for any variable, function, data definition, etc. In
- the programming language C, an identifier is a combination
- of alphanumeric characters, the first being a letter of the
- alphabet or an underline, and the remaining being any letter
- of the alphabet, any numeric digit, or the underline. Two
- rules must be kept in mind when naming identifiers.
-
- 1. The case of alphabetic characters is significant.
- Using "INDEX" for a variable is not the same as using
- "index" and neither of them is the same as using
- "InDeX" for a variable. All three refer to different
- variables.
-
- 2. As C is defined, up to eight significant characters can
- be used and will be considered significant. If more
- than eight are used, they may be ignored by the
- compiler. This may or may not be true of your
- compiler. You should check your reference manual to
- find out how many characters are significant for your
- compiler.
-
- It should be pointed out that some C compilers allow
- use of a dollar sign in an identifier name, but since it is
- not universal, it will not be used anywhere in this
- tutorial. Check your documentation to see if it is
- permissible for your particular compiler.
-
- WHAT ABOUT THE UNDERLINE?
-
- Even though the underline can be used as part of a
- variable name, it seems to be used very little by
- experienced C programmers. It adds greatly to the
- readability of a program to use descriptive names for
- variables and it would be to your advantage to do so.
- Pascal programmers tend to use long descriptive names, but
- most C programmers tend to use short cryptic names. Most of
- the example programs in this tutorial use very short names
- for that reason.
-
- Any computer program has two entities to consider, the
- data, and the program. They are highly dependent on one
- another and careful planning of both will lead to a well
- planned and well written program. Unfortunately, it is not
- possible to study either completely without a good working
- knowledge of the other. For this reason, this tutorial will
- jump back and forth between teaching methods of program
- writing and methods of data definition. Simply follow
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- Chapter 1 - Getting Started
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- along and you will have a good understanding of both. Keep
- in mind that, even though it seems expedient to sometimes
- jump right into the program coding, time spent planning the
- data structures will be well spent and the final program
- will reflect the original planning.
-
- HOW THIS TUTORIAL IS WRITTEN
-
- As you go through the example programs, you will find
- that every program is complete. There are no program
- fragments that could be confusing. This allows you to see
- every requirement that is needed to use any of the features
- of C as they are presented. Some tutorials I have seen give
- very few, and very complex examples. They really serve more
- to confuse the student. This tutorial is the complete
- opposite because it strives to cover each new aspect of
- programming in as simple a context as possible. This
- method, however, leads to a lack of knowledge in how the
- various parts are combined. For that reason, the last
- chapter is devoted entirely to using the features taught in
- the earlier chapters. It will illustrate how to put the
- various features together to create a usable program. They
- are given for your study, and are not completely explained.
- Enough details of their operation are given to allow you to
- understand how they work after you have completed all of the
- previous lessons.
-
- A DISCUSSION OF SOME OF THE FILES
-
- CCL.BAT
-
- This file, which does not exist on the distribution
- disk, is the batch file that calls in an editor, then the
- compiler (Pass 1 and Pass 2, if it exists), and finally runs
- the resulting compiled program. There are several examples
- of batch files which can be used with various compilers
- given in the "COMPILER.DOC" file on the distribution
- diskette. It is up to you to type in a batch file for use
- with your particular compiler, considering also the method
- required to call in your editor. To use it, simply type the
- batchfile name with the desired filename. After typing in
- your particular CCL.BAT file, try it by typing CCL FIRSTEX.
- You will get the source file displayed on the monitor by
- your editor. If you don't have one of the compilers listed
- in the "COMPILER.DOC" file, you will have to modify the
- batch file for your particular compiler.
-
- The pass or passes of the compiler will be executed,
- followed by the linking process. The final program will be
- loaded and run, then the files generated by the process will
- be erased to prevent filling the disk up.
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- Chapter 1 - Getting Started
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- If you have a hard disk available, it will be up to you
- to modify the batch file to perform the above described
- operations.
-
- Even though you will have a lot of files to compile and
- run, you will find that a batch file similar to this will do
- most of the work for you and you will proceed very quickly.
-
- In order to do the programming exercises, you will need
- to go through the same steps as when running the example
- programs. This is simple to do by simply typing your own
- filename with the CCL program call. It is highly
- recommended that you do the programming exercises to gain
- the programming experience.
-
- LIST.EXE
-
- This file will list the source files for you with line
- numbers and filename. To use it, simply type "LIST"
- followed by the appropriate filename. Type LIST FIRSTEX.C
- now for an example. The C source code is given later in
- Chapter 14 along with a brief description of its operation.
-
- PRINTALL.BAT
-
- This is a batch file that will call the above LIST.EXE
- file once for each of the example C programs, printing all
- of the files out. If you want a hardcopy of all of the
- files, enter PRINTALL and watch as your printer fills about
- 150 sheets of paper with C programs.
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- Page 6
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